Evolution during the maturity and biological properties of phenolic compounds of the vine in Algeria
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Date
2025
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University of 20 August 1955 Skikda
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the evaluation of phytochemical composition, in vitro
biological activities, and in silico anti-urease activity of four Algerian grape cane cultivars
(Fragola Nera from the hybrid Vitis vinifera-Vitis labrusca, and Cardinal, Red glob, Gros noir
from Vitis vinifera) and three seed varieties (Sabel, Cardinal, and Red glob from Vitis vinifera)
at different repining stages (before veraison, veraison, and repining). The used methods include:
the quantification of phenolic compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids and
flavonols using aluminum chloride method, phytochemical analysis using LCMS/MS,
colorimetric assays to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and enzymatic activities, molecular docking
and ADME/Tox investigation, determination of SPF factor, denaturation of BSA, and
antimicrobial activity using disk diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC). All grape cane extracts were compared for their TPC, TFC, and TF-OL
values. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the grape cultivar FR (309,8 ± 11.5 mg GAE/g
extract and 55,6 ± 2,06 mg QE/g extract, respectively). The highest TF-OL content was
recorded in the RG extract with an amount of 15.98 ±1.20 mg QCE/g extract. Three different
classes of phenolic compounds were detected: flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes, with
flavonoid being the major class quantified followed by phenolic acid and stilbenes. Catechin
was the highest molecule detected with a concentration of 1440.45 mg/kg D.W in the FR
cultivar. The results revealed also that all the extracts showed high antioxidant capacity. The
FR extract exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 value in the
ABTS test (3.13 ± 0.4 µg/mL). Significant enzymatic activity was also detected against all the
studied enzymes. Molecular docking of the phenolic compounds against urease enzyme
demonstrated the highest binding affinity with gallic acid (a binding energy value of -28.8802
kJ/mol). Additionally, all extracts showed a moderate anti-inflammatory activity, given a high
sun protection factor, and exhibiting potent antimicrobial activity. The total phenolic
compounds and the phenolic profile of grape seed was found to be changed with the changes
of maturation stage. These changes contribute to different potential in the biological activities
with the green stage being the most effective one. Catechin was detected in higher amounts in
all cultivars giving the extracts high antioxidant potential, whereas, gallic acid was detected as
the second highest molecule. These findings imply that grape canes and seeds have a significant
potential to be used in pharmaceutical industry.