Course Handout of "Plant Biology 1" Intended for First-Year Engineering Students in Agronomic Sciences
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Date
2025
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Faculty of Sciences
Abstract
Plant biology is a broad discipline that encompasses all aspects of plant life, both aquatic and terrestrial, including their morphologies, modes of reproduction (sexual and asexual), adaptations to various environments, and the mechanisms enabling sustainable interactions (such as parasitism and symbiosis) (Campell et al., 2008).
The living world consists of an immense collection of organisms in constant evolution. It is divided into two biotic groups (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and six kingdoms: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants (Margulis & Schwartz, 1988; Raven et al., 2013).