Langues et littératures étrangères
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Item The Prerequisite Cultural Changes for the Implementation of Democracy in Algeria(Université 20 Août 1955 - Skikda, 2021) Imen, Loucif; M.S. ,NedjaiThe present research aims at investigating the prerequisite cultural changes for the implementation of democracy in Algeria. Thus, we set these research problems on whether Algerians fully understand democracy and whether our culture permits a robust implementation of democracy and if no, what can we change in our culture to achieve democracy. Data for the study were collected from 271 participants from different wilayas who answered an email survey. The methodological aspect of it was mainly based on both of Almond and Verba and Inglehart studies of political culture and democracy. Our empirical study was carried out during 2017.The results obtained revealed that most participants had vague conceptualisation of democracy, they did not trust the political institutions and they preferred economic development over a democratic system of government exhibiting what Almond and Verba coined as a subject culture. Conclusions drawn from this work led to understand that in order to implement democracy in Algeria, citizens must acquire a participant cultureItem The Human and Animal Bond in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men and The Red Pony(University of 20th August 1955, Skikda, 2018) Mohamed ,Ben Ali Chaker; Aboubou ,HachemiThe aim of this study is to highlight Steinbeck’s main reasons for including animals in both his fictional and non-fictional works, most notably Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Log from the Sea of Cortez and Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Indeed, there is a strong relationship that binds humans with animals in these works. Steinbeck makes use of such a bond: First, to reflect his lifelong experiences with animals through his writing. Keep in mind that Steinbeck himself raised a pony named Jill when he was a child and he also owned an array of breeds of dogs and developed a special affinity for marine biology during his matriculation at Stanford University and his friendship with Edward Ricketts; second, to emphasize that the lives of humans and animals are closely connected ; third, that animals are good companions and protection for man ; fourth, that the world surrounding the humans and animals is unforgiving, uncaring and above all predatory and is based on “the survival of the fittest.” This dissertation is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter is dedictated to exploring Steinbeck’s attachment to the animal world starting from his childhood to his death. The second chapter is devoted to delving into the effect of Edward Ricketts on Steinbeck’s philosophy about animal behavior. In this context, I will jail myself within the scopes of the phalanx theory, man’s animality and non-teleological8 thinking and how these philosophies are inherent in his writing. The third chapter deals with the human and animal bond in Of Mice and Men. In this respect, I will diagnose the relationship between Lennie and small animals and that of Candy and his devoted dog. The last chapter revolves around the human and animal bond in The Red Pony. In this case, I will anatomize Jody Tiflin’s behavior toward danimals in this predatory world and how he arises from boyhood to manhood. All these chapters are interwoven together for the sake of arguing the existence of the philosophies mentioned above and how some of them have their echoes in Islamic religion.Item THE NEED TO MAINTAIN THE MONARCHY IN TODAY’S MODERN DEMOCRATIC BRITAIN(University of 20th August 1955-Skikda, 2017-05) Messikh DjihedThe British Monarchy is the eldest institution in Britain. This institution witnessed many historical developments including civil wars, World Wars, fall of the British Empire, rise of democracy, decolonization, economic crises, but still it exists today even though not as strong as it was. This institution had been at once very powerful, with its kings strongly believing in the Divine Right of kings. Gradually, it was stripped of most of its powers, as people no longer believed in the sacrosanctity of their kings. Indeed, people started to rebel against their kings and call for limiting their absolute powers to safeguard their own rights and liberties. Such rebellions marked the end of Absolute Monarchy and gave the birth of Constitutional British Monarchy with only symbolic roles to play which do not justify its existence, leading many to call for its abolition. It is really surprising that the British Monarchy still exists now in the 21st century, but before rushing into calling for its abolition, one must think deeply and rise questions like: What is the rationality of keeping this institution with its apparent symbolic roles in politics, the arena in which everything is carefully accounted for? In this humble work, we try to find possible “hidden roles” played by the British Monarch that might be important and truly justify its existence.Item Mapping D. H. Lawrence’s Apocalypse: The path of prophecy through his fictional and non fictional works(University of 20th August 1955-Skikda, 2018) Roumaissa MoussaouiThis thesis, entitled Mapping D. H. Lawrence’s Apocalypse: The path of prophecy through his fictional and non fictional works, aims at showing how Lawrence’s novels, The Rainbow, Women in Love and The Virgin and the Gypsy are a working out of his singular vision and lead up to the composition of his Apocalypse, which can be considered as the crystallization of his philosophy as a whole. The following research will show how his original holistic conception of life enabled him to create a totally new and dynamic form of expression in keeping with this philosophy. His primary aim, to create a new and appropriate language for feelings, pushed him to break with literary convention, experiment with style and re-interpret well-established symbols in a new and totally innovative way. His specific symbols and myths will be isolated to show not only their importance but also how they are intrinsic parts or functional elements of what is Lawrence’s moral philosophy. To this extent, Apocalypse can be seen as both a point of departure and a culmination of his creative endeavour. Disillusioned with Freudian theories of the personality, he set out to liberate man by formulating his own personal vision. Through an examination of both his fictional and non-fictional works, we will reveal the paradox of his creative thought. Namely, that the answer to the present turmoil lies in the simplicity of the past. It will be shown how Lawrence discredited civilization, with its emphasis on mind and reason, seeing it as responsible for its own nihilistic state. His answer, to strip away layers of dogma and creed to find a basic kernel of truth linking man’svi happiness to the cosmos, is a message which is as pertinent today as it was in the turbulent times before his death in 1930.Item Order out of Chaos and Trauma in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and Susan Abulhawa’s Mornings in Jenin(Université 20 Août 1955 - Skikda, 2021) Chaker، Abir; Nedjai, Mohammed salahThe attempt to come in terms with the tight relationship between order and chaos is the major concern of this research work. This research work compares between two literary works: Beloved by the Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison and Mornings in Jenin by the Palestinian writer Susan Abulhawa. This comparison is based on three major theories: chaos theory, trauma fiction, and chaos psychology. The logical outcome of our argument is then to show how order emerges, dialectically speaking, out of chaos in both literary works. Chaos, as it is commonly understood, refers to utter disorder and confusion, but with chaos theory, a dialectics of order within disorder has been introduced. In the two literary works chaos is also caused by the highly traumatic and haunting past which results in highly devastating situations and psychological problems within mainly the main characters. The tight relationship between the past and the present created a climate of chaos and trauma in both novels and that can be even seen in the way the two novels are written. This last point is highly important because it helps us to draw the parallelism and similarities between the two novels based on chaos theory, trauma fiction, and chaos psychology. Through this comparison we found out how chaos first manifests itself within the main characters, we also found how this traumatic past affects the main characters, mothers, men and the whole Afro-American and Palestinian communities. We also found that this chaos is translated stylistically in both novels especially when we investigated chaos theory and trauma fiction since we found out that the chronological order is absent, the use of repetitions and affective images. Finally we found out how order comes out within the main characters and their respective communities through chaos theory and chaos psychology and mainly the concept of the Emergent Crisis that can be summarised in the fact that psychological troubles that are caused by the haunting and chaotic past are a source of positivity and creation and thus order.Item Protestant Fundamentalism and the Controversy over Evolution-Creationism in American Public Schools 1925-2005: An Illustration of the American Political Theology(Université 20 aout 1955 skikda, 2023) Khenssa, Cheriet; Mokhtar ,Ben BarkaThe recent controversy over teaching Darwin’s evolutionary theory in America’s public schools has raised staple questions about its true origin. The strategy that Protestant fundamentalists, as disciples of a large religious group in America, espouse when dealing with such a conflict between 1925 and 2005 has changed pejoratively over time. By looking within the United States, Protestant fundamentalists have consistently adduced an uncompromising view towards an endless debate over evolution-creationism. As a theory that contradicts common religious beliefs, Charles Darwin’s idea which doubts the existence or non-existence of a deity along with an introduction to a certain robust explanation of the origin of life, has made Protestant fundamentalists in the late 19th century fear this outlandish idea. A theory like Charles Darwin’s one which suggests that human begins like other creatures on Earth, have a common form of lower ancestor, has frightened them for it threatens a familiar and infallible biblical exegesis of the universe origin. However, in order to understand their peculiarity and distinction, the study of Protestant fundamentalists and fundamentalism, as a phenomenon in relation to evolution, needs new explanations. For such, we opt to examine the origin of the fundamentalist movement, which arose after the spread of the evolutionary theory in American public schools, by neither referring to personality nor referring to psychology abnormalities. Our aim is to introduce a new perspective that permits us to examine the core beliefs of fundamentalists that shape their behavior. As a result, our theoretical framework is broadly social psychological which helps us spot light on the nature of fundamentalism, as a religious movement of societal and very important political importance in America