Hygiène, Sécurité et environnement(HSE)

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Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithms with Integral Sliding Mode Control: Applied to Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Energy System
(Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems Vol. 13, No. 4, April, 2026, pp. 663-683, 2026-05-15) Arabi, Marwa; Zennir, Youcef; Bounezour, Hicham; Benghanem, Mohamed
This study presents a comparative analysis of the performance of standard metaheuristic algorithms and their hybrid variants for tuning the parameters of an Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC) applied to a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) in wind energy conversion systems. Specifically, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) are investigated, along with two hybrid strategies: PSO combined with the MATLAB-based nonlinear constrained solver fmincon, and a PSO–GWO hybrid approach. These optimization techniques are employed to improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the ISMC under varying wind conditions. The optimized controllers are benchmarked against the conventional Integral Sliding Mode–Field-Oriented Control (ISM–FOC) scheme. All simulations are conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Results show that the conventionally tuned ISMC exhibits a slower response and higher current-tracking errors, with the quadrature current error reaching approximately 0.2 and the direct current oscillating around 5 × 10⁻⁶ A, with a response time of 4.5 × 10⁻³ s. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed optimization approaches significantly enhance control accuracy, reduce tracking errors, and mitigate chattering effects.
Multi-Objective TEO and GOA Optimization of PID Controllers Applied to an Altitude and Yaw Mission of Quadrotor UAV Swarm
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS).Vol. 11, Issue 1.p 51/p 58, 2026-03-01) Hermouche, Bilel; Zennir, Youcef
This paper produces a distributed control system to be used for collaborative UAV quadrotor simultaneous hovering and yawing missions in a leader-follower architecture, PID control is used in the altitude controller and the yaw controller for each single quadrotor with well-tuned parameters provided by two multi-objective optimization algorithms MOTEO and MOGOA, in the simulation and discussion section we show that due to the well system performances the produced parameters by MOTEO-PID combination are chosen to be the gains of the altitude and yaw controllers of the distributed control system for the hovering and yawing mission using a leader-follower architecture.
STPA-FTA hybrid hazard analysis framework applied to a high integrity pressure protection system
(Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering.Springer Nature., 2026-03-26) Rehail, Yasser; Tchouar, Noureddine; Zennir, Youcef; Carniel, Andrei
The increasing complexity of petrochemical systems demands innovative hazard analysis methods capable of capturing both component and systemic failures. In this paper, we propose a new hazard analysis framework that integrates SystemTheoretic Process Analysis (STPA) with traditional Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Initially, STPA is applied to identify Unsafe Control Actions (UCAs) and associated loss scenarios. Subsequently, FTA is employed to model dysfunctional component behaviors and quantify critical risk metrics, including the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFDavg), Minimal Cut Sets (MCSs), and Safety Integrity Level (SIL) using GRIF software. Finally, STPA outputs are incorporated into the traditional FTA by treating UCAs as basic developed events. The framework is applied to a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS 2351) safeguarding the C-63 distillation column at the Skikda RA1K refinery. The results revealed additional MCSs that were not discovered by the traditional FTA, which increased the number of MCSs from 8 to 39. Furthermore, the Birnbaum Importance Factor is applied to rank and prioritize UCAs, identifying the most critical UCAs (UCA 1 through UCA-15) that have a significant impact on the HIPPS 2351 reliability. Overall, the proposed framework provides a comprehensive hazard analysis covering both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
Application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis and D-HiGraph Modeling for Risk Analysis in a Continuous Casting Machine
(International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering Vol. 16, No. 1, January, 2026, pp. 43-53, 2026-01-31) Larit, Khalid; Berri, Islam; Zennir, Youcef; Rodriguez, Manuel; Benghanem, Mohamed; Liu, Yiliu
Continuous casting machines (CCMs) play a crucial role in steel production, but their complexity and high level of automation pose significant challenges to ensuring operational safety. This study explores a combined approach using Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and D-HiGraph modeling to identify and better understand potential hazards in a CCM unit. STPA is used to define possible losses, hazards, and unsafe control actions (UCAs) within the system. To support the analysis, a control structure model is developed using D-HiGraph, which provides a clear, hierarchical view of how controllers, sensors, actuators, and human operators interact. The results highlight several critical UCAs, particularly in areas such as mold level regulation, adjustment of withdrawal speed, and emergency shutdown procedures. By visualizing these relationships with D-HiGraph, it becomes easier to trace the origin of unsafe scenarios and gain deeper insight into system behavior. Overall, this integrated method offers a structured and effective way to improve safety analysis in CCMs and contributes to more robust design and operational strategies in steelmaking environments.
Sliding Mode Controller and Fuzzy PID for Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés Vol. 59, No. 1, January, 2026, pp. 21-28, 2026-01-31) Chetioui, Lotfi; Achouri, Mourad; Zennir, Youcef; Benghanem, Mohamed
In modern control engineering, the demand for robust and adaptive control strategies is critical for managing complex, nonlinear, and uncertain systems. This paper investigates sliding mode control (SMC) and fuzzy PID control applied to a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), two advanced techniques widely used in both industrial and academic contexts. SMC is known for its high robustness and finite-time convergence; however, it suffers from chattering and dependence on accurate system modeling. In contrast, the fuzzy PID controller combines the classical PID structure with fuzzy logic to provide adaptive and smooth control without requiring a precise mathematical model. Through theoretical analysis and a review of recent research findings, this study highlights the strengths and limitations of each method in terms of robustness, adaptability, implementation complexity, and application suitability. The results indicate that while SMC excels in robustness and precision, the fuzzy PID controller offers a more flexible and user-friendly alternative for systems with nonlinear or uncertain dynamics. Ultimately, the choice between the proposed methods depends on the specific requirements of the target application, with future research opportunities lying in hybrid strategies that combine the robustness of SMC with the adaptability of fuzzy PID control to enhance performance in renewable energy systems.
5 th International Conference on Advanced Engineering in Intelligent Processes ICAEIP 2026
(Institut des sciences et techniques Appliquées.univ-skikda. University, Gabes, Tunisia, 2026-12-21) Zennir, Youcef; Dahman, Hassen
Catalyst Processing, Polymer Processing Science and Technology, Petroleum, Ore Exploration and Exploitation, Economy and Marketing in Petrochemical Industries, Environmental Engineering, Heat and Mass Transfer in Ecosystems, Refining and Separation Processes, Smart and Clean Energy, Equipment and Pipelines in Petrochemical Industries, System Analysis and Diagnostics, Complex and Nonlinear Systems, Optimal Design and Process Control, Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Fields, Industrial Robotics, Modeling and Simulation of Petrochemical Systems, Embedded Systems, Discrete Event Systems, Planning and Maintenance, Data Fusion and Big Data, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Risk Analysis, Safety Engineering, Risk Management Processes, Reliability Engineering, Intelligent System Safety
Reinforcement learning for hexapod robot trajectory control: a study of Q-learning and SARSA algorithms
(International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 2025-10-25) Ahmed Benyoucef; Youcef Zennir; Ammar Belatreche; Manuel F. Silva; Mohamed Benghanem
Hexapod robots, with their six-legged design, excel in stability and adaptability on challenging terrain but pose signifi cant control challenges due to their high degrees of freedom. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been explored for robot navigation, few studies have systematically compared on-policy and off-policy methods for multi-legged locomo tion. This work presents a comparative study of SARSA and Q-Learning for trajectory control of a simulated hexapod robot, focusing on the influence of learning rate (α), discount factor (γ), and eligibility trace (λ). The evaluation spans eight initial poses, with performance measured through lateral deviation (Ey), orientation error (Eθ), and iteration count. Results show that Q-Learning generally achieves faster convergence and greater stability, particularly with higher γ and λ values, while SARSA can achieve competitive accuracy with careful parameter tuning. The findings demonstrate that eligibility traces substantially improve learning precision and provide practical guidelines for robust RL-based control in multi-legged robotic systems.
Novel Nonlinear PI Controller Using Metaheuristic Algorithms for Speed Control of Wind Turbine Systems
(Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés Vol. 58, No. 8, August, 2025, pp. 1593-1608, 2025-08-31) Marwa Arabi; Youcef Zennir; Hichem Bounezour; Mohamed Benghanem; J.E.S. Garcia; M. Wadi
Wind turbines operate under highly dynamic conditions influenced by unpredictable wind profiles and external disturbances. The nonlinear characteristics of their dynamic models further complicate their modeling and control. This research focuses on optimizing the power output of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) equipped with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). To achieve this, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy is developed, integrating an innovative nonlinear PI controller. The parameters of this controller are fine-tuned using advanced meta-heuristic optimization techniques, including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and Golden Jackal Optimization (GJO). Simulation results highlight the superior performance of the GJO-NLPI controller, demonstrating exceptional accuracy and rapid response in regulating mechanical rotation speed, while effectively reducing overshoot. The proposed control architecture showcases significant advancements in power extraction efficiency and dynamic performance.
Safety Lifecycle Of Safety Instrumented System Case study: Diesel storage tank
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS).Vol. 10, Issue 3, September-2025.p 104/110, 2025-09-03) Nabil Boudjoghra Innal Fares
In this article, we explored the safety lifecycle of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS). First, we introduced the SIS, its Safety Instrumented Function (SIF), its Safety Integrity Level (SIL) and its Safety Lifecycle. Then, we illustrated the safety lifecycle stages of an SIS belonging to a boil-over risk safety system of diesel storage tank using engineering techniques and methods: HAZOP, LOPA, FTA, and SIF test scheduling, which interact with each other’s data.
Risk Assessment and Structural Restoration of Roman Cisterns at the Regional Theatre of Skikda, Algeria
(International Journal of Automation and Safety (IJAS) Vol.03, No.01, July, 2025, pp. 23-29, 2025-07-15) Samia Boubakour Leila Kherraf Zennir Youcef
This study is part of a comprehensive initiative focused on the restoration and adaptive reuse of Roman cisterns located beneath the Regional Theatre of Skikda, Algeria. As a key component of a broader heritage conservation strategy, the project supports the structural rehabilitation and functional reintegration of historical infrastructure, while prioritizing public safety and the preservation of architectural heritage. The primary objective is to implement a comprehensive structural diagnostic assessment, using non-invasive and semi-invasive techniques to detect and map pathologies in the load-bearing elements, fixed installations, joints, and historical construction materials. Key issues, such as material degradation, cracking, fractures, and aging, are examined, with a focus on identifying root causes through systematic analysis. The diagnostic process integrates traditional surveying with modern techniques, including visual inspection, material sampling, and structural behavior modeling, to ensure accurate evaluation and informed decision-making. A secondary objective of the project is the adaptive reuse of the cisterns as a secure cultural facility specifically, an art gallery meeting contemporary safety standards. This transformation prioritizes structural stability, visitor safety, and long-term sustainability, while preserving the site's historical integrity. The project demonstrates a replicable approach to combining heritage preservation with modern safety and usability requirements.
Hazard Analysis with STPA Methods: Application to Mould Level Control Within Continuous Casting Free Stream Operations
(International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering Vol. 15, No. 4, April, 2025, pp. 835-846, 2025-04-30) Khalid Larit Zennir Youcef Manuel Rodriguez
In the continuous casting process, maintaining precise control over the mould level is essential to ensure product quality, prevent defects, and optimize operational efficiency. Mould Level Control (MLC) in Free Stream operations presents unique challenges, as it requires accurate and stable control amidst dynamic process variations and complex interdependencies between sensors, actuators, and controllers. This paper presents a case study conducted at a steel plant located in Bellara, El Milia – Jijel, Algeria, which utilizes a 120-ton Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) operating at a tap temperature of approximately 1630℃. The process is controlled via a Siemens PLC-based automation system. Continuous casting is performed using a curved-type machine (3BLC 0905), featuring five strands, a casting section of 150 ×150 mm, and a maximum casting speed of 3.5 m/min. The system includes a ladle turret, 30-ton tundish, mould, and withdrawal system, and is used to produce low-carbon steel grades (C < 0.13%, Al < 0.006%). SystemTheoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is applied to identify and mitigate hazards in MLC systems under Free Stream conditions. The analysis highlights unsafe control actions (UCAs), actuator delays, and sensor inaccuracies, and proposes improvements in control logic, calibration, and response strategies to enhance system safety and reliability.
Optimal Power Generation Control of Wind Turbine by Using Different Meta-Heuristic Algorithms
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS).Vol. 10, Issue 1.pp 01.06, 2025-03-15) Marwa Arabi Lotfi Chetioui Youcef Zennir Hichem Bounezour Jesus Anrique Sierra Garcia ; Bounezour Hichem
The modeling and control of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) that makes use of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are investigated in this work. It compares two methods— MPPT-PSO and MPPT-GA—with the aim of maximizing power extraction from the system in each case. The simulation results demonstrate that the use of these MPPT algorithms enables the system to reach the optimal mechanical speed necessary for maximum power output. All simulations were performed using Matlab/Simulink.
An Integrated Approach to Safety Instrumented System Lifecycle Management: Risk Evaluation and Optimization in the Petrochemical Industry Using Genetic Algorithms
(Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie Vol. 24, No. 1, February, 2025, pp. 23-34, 2025-02-28) Rehail Yasser Zennir Youcef Tchouar Noureddine
This study aims to present a complete methodology that integrates evaluation and optimization to address the entire Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) lifecycle. A comprehensive methodology for SIS evaluation and optimization is proposed, specifically targeting a system, called I-1165, responding to a high-high level alarm in a De-ethanizer Reflux Drum V-2, which is used to separate ethane and lighter components from heavier hydrocarbons. The methodology begins with a comprehensive HAZOP study to identify and assess potential risks, which are then estimated using PHAST software. SIL allocation is performed using the LOPA method, followed by the determination of Achieved SIL through analytical formulas. The Achieved SIL is iteratively validated by comparing it with the Required SIL. If the Achieved SIL does not meet the required standards, a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to optimize the SIS design and maintenance strategies. This process continues until the target SIL is achieved, or an alternative architecture is proposed, ensuring that the SIS performance aligns with safety requirements. Optimization results for the I-1165 system reveal a significant improvement in PFDAvg from 2.1E-2 to 6.10537E-4, meeting and exceeding the required SIL 2 performance. This improvement not only enhances system safety and reliability but also ensures compliance with IEC 61508 standards while reducing lifecycle costs by optimizing the frequency of maintenance and testing intervals.
Risk Assessment Using a Structured Combined Method
(International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering.Vol. 15, No. 2, February, 2025, pp. 383-396, 2025-02-28) Seif El Islam Bouasla Youcef Zennir EL-Arkam Mechhoud Manuel Rodriguez ; EL-Arkam Mechhoud
This study presents a novel risk assessment approach for crude oil heaters, integrating structured combined methods to enhance safety and reliability. We begin by employing Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) to systematically identify potential accident scenarios. To deepen our understanding of system functionality and potential malfunctions, we utilize D-higraphs for functional modelling. Building on the scenarios identified, we apply Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to estimate root causes and frequencies of failures. Following this, Event Tree Analysis (ETA) allows us to explore the consequences of success or failure of safety barriers. The integration of FTA and ETA culminates in the bowtie method, which effectively illustrates the relationships between hazards, their causes, and the safety measures in place. This structured methodology not only offers a comprehensive risk assessment framework but also enhances the identification and evaluation of safety barriers, making it a unique contribution to existing risk assessment practices.
Risk assessment of Atmospheric Column Overhead Product Drum
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS).Vol. 9, Issue 4, December-2024.p-p 248-254, 2024-12-31) Dib khawla Zennir Youcef Hichem Bounezour ; Bounezour Hichem
The risk analysis plays an important role in the risk management process. Its objective is to identify significant adverse consequences, then assess their severity in order to decide on measures to control the risk. Our study involves conducting a risk analysis related to an un-stabilized naphtha separator ball from the Topping unit located at the Skikda refinery. We applied the HAZOP approach to identify accident scenarios that could be generated by this hazardous equipment. The modeling of the consequences of the chosen phenomenon, which is the BLEVE, was carried out using the PHAST software.
FMEA-Failure Modes & Effects Analysis for Incident Investigation ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE -EBT SYSTEM
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMES (AJSS).Vol. 9, Issue 4, December-2024.p-p212-221, 2024-12-31) Larit Khalid Rehail Yasser Zennir Youcef Manuel Rodriguez
Although FMEA is traditionally a tool for prevention, it can be adjusted to serve as an investigation method. When an incident occurs, using FMEA allows for a thorough and structured analysis of the failure modes that conduct to it. This approach assists in identifying root causes, understanding the impact of each failure mode, and developing corrective actions to prevent recurrence. The systematic nature of FMEA ensures that all possible factors contributing to the incident are considered, leading to a comprehensive understanding and robust preventive measures. The study demonstrates the application of FMEA to investigate for an incident involving an EBT system at electrical arc furnace EAF in a steel complex. The incident in question involves the sudden movement of ladle car parked under EAF to receive the molten metal leading to taping molten metal out the ladle, by the applying of FMEA , the investigation team aims to identify the failure modes that contributed to this incident, assess their effects, calculate their criticality, and develop corrective actions to prevent similar incidents in the future.
A-Systematic Literature review on Industrial Scheduling Optimization
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS).Vol. 9, Issue 4, December-2024. P-P 222-235, 2024-12-31) Boukrouma Houcem Eddine Zennir Youcef Bendib Riad
The optimization of industrial schedules has become an essential pursuit in modern industries, driven by the need to maximize efficiency, minimize operational costs, and enhance sustainability. This literature review investigates the diverse methodologies, strategies, and technological advancements shaping the field of industrial scheduling optimization. Focusing particularly on applications within petrochemical and other high-stakes industries, this review explores the use of artificial intelligence, advanced safety protocols, intelligent maintenance planning, and innovative scheduling algorithms. Through a critical analysis of recent studies, this review identifies key trends and challenges, including the integration of new technologies with legacy systems, the balance of cost and operational demands, and the development of resilient frameworks for unpredictable environments. By addressing these challenges and synthesizing current knowledge, this review highlights areas for further research and provides insights into creating adaptive, efficient, and robust scheduling strategies that can propel industrial operations into a new era of optimized performance.
Evaluation of safety instrumented system using “HAZOP-LOPA-FTA” methodology
(ALGERIAN JOURNAL OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (AJSS)Vol 9, Issue 4,2024.p-p 287-293, 2024-12-31) REHAIL YASSER( ZENNIR YOUCEF LARIT KHALID TCHOUAR NOUREDDINE(4)
Following the IEC 61508 standard, this paper presents a combined "HAZOP-LOPA-FTA" method for evaluating the safety level of a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) which is a type of SIS. The technique combines hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP), layers of protection analysis (LOPA), and fault tree analysis (FTA). This paper aims to confirm that a safety instrumented system achieves the intended safety integrity level as per IEC 61508. If not, suggest upgrading the safety instrumented system to lessen the effects of the scenario under study. The technique was used in the C-63 distillation column at RA1K Skikda refinery. HAZOP identified important causes and effects. According to LOPA, a minimum safety level was determined. The real SIL rating was calculated using the Tree module in the GRIF software.
Performance Analysis of Nature-Inspired Algorithms for PID Control of Electric Wheelchairs
(International Journal of Automation and Safety (2024) Vol2, N° 02.p-p 14-19, 2024-12-31) Ali Amrane Youcef Zennir
This study presents the development and optimization of an electric wheelchair designed to improve the mobility and independence of users with disabilities. The system integrates mechanical modeling using SOLIDWORKS, kinematic simulation in SIMULINK, and advanced control strategies employing nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms. A model-free co-simulation approach between SOLIDWORKS and SIMULINK enables realistic and adaptable system simulations without relying on predefined mathematical models. Key algorithms, including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and Dragonfly Algorithm (DA), are utilized to tune PID controllers for optimal trajectory tracking and system responsiveness. Simulation tests in Coppeliasim demonstrate the wheelchair’s capability for precise navigation, and safety enhancement. The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) showcased superior performance in achieving smoother and more accurate trajectory tracking. This research highlights the potential of combining simulation tools and metaheuristic optimization techniques to enhance the usability and functionality of intelligent wheelchairs, offering a practical solution to improve the quality of life for individuals with limited mobility.
Assessing Fire and Explosion Risks Associated with Gas Turbines Using the Fire and Explosion Index
(International Journal of Automation and Safety (2024) Vol2, N° 02. p-p 08-12, 2024-12-31) Boukrouma Houcem Eddine Bendib Riad Zennir Youcef
Gas turbines are extensively used across various industries, such as power generation, aviation, and petrochemical sectors, where they handle flammable fuels and operate in conditions with inherent fire and explosion risks. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of applying the Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) to evaluate the risks linked to gas turbines. The study highlights the importance of using the F&EI as a proactive tool for identifying potential hazards and developing effective safety strategies. The research findings reinforce the value of this method in classifying and prioritizing safety measures to ensure a suitable level of safety is maintained.

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